Molestation, Incest and Rape in African American Families

Molestation, Incest & 

Rape in African 

American Families 

Confronting the Legacy of Slavery 

Rick Wallace, Ph.D. 3/29/16 African American Trauma

Molestation, Incest & the African American Family 

The Odyssey Project 

Research and Advisory Council 

By 

Dr. Rick Wallace, Ph.D. 

Copyright © 2016 by Rick Wallace

Executive Statement 

While the idea of scientific research is to eliminate the proclivity to view facts through the lens 

of bias, I must admit that this is a topic that challenges me like no other when it comes to bias. 

As a research psychologist and a clinical therapist, I am completely cognizant of the pathological 

principles and concepts of psychology that explain the behavior of a pedophile; however, being 

the father of four daughters, and having to engage the immense responsibility of protecting them 

at the different stages of their lives, I am torn between what I know academically and what I am 

convinced of experientially. Although all forms of pedophilia are extremely heinous, fatherdaughter 

incest, to me, is the greatest violation of human sanctity possible, followed closely by 

father-son incest. 

While this particular paper is meant to focus on the empirical evidence associated with incest in 

the African American Community. I have deemed it necessary to indulge the need to escape 

academic rigidity, to some extent, for the purpose of allowing the reader to make the connection 

to what they read in a manner that allows them to identify with the problem on a level that 

motivates them to become involved and take action. This paper is not written with my academic 

peers in mind as much as it is written with the idea of providing elucidation to a highly complex 

and pernicious force within the black community. 

The black community is suffering in the area of unity, especially when it comes to the 

relationship between the black man and the black woman, and a significant portion of this 

dissension can be traced along the line of distrust to the early years of young girls who were 

sexually violated by men they should have been able to trust to protect them. Men who shared 

the same bloodline — in many cases, these men were their fathers, brothers and uncles. These 

abusive encounters led to the development of psychoneurotic behavior, such as elevated anxiety 

levels, issues with trusting men, an increased sense of distress and the development of an overall 

deficit in functionality. 

I am hoping that this paper will bridge the gap between science, compassion and common sense. 

~ Dr. Rick Wallace, Ph.D., Founder-CEO, The Odyssey Project 

Abstract 

While the subject of child molestation and incest remains a taboo topic within the African 

American collective, its prevalence and impact can no longer be ignored. When perusing 

psychology textbooks on incest and molestation, especially the older ones, it is easy for a 

psychology student to develop an impression that molestation, incest and rape within the 

family environment is extremely rare; however, when engaging professional therapists 

(psychiatrists, psychologist, cognitive therapists, etc.) on the matter, it becomes obvious that 

this type of trauma is not only immensely prevalent, but that it also has an immense impact on 

the long-term success of the victim. The purpose of this brief treatise on this particular topic is 

to expand the superficial knowledge on the subject, while illuminating the manner in which 

this type of trauma can negatively impact the life of the victim and those within their

periphery. This is not a comprehensive examination of the serious subsequent 

psychopathologies that occur during and after incest, molestation and rape. This paper 

focuses primarily on the topic as it impacts the African American collective; therefore, the 

mention of non-Black groups will be for the sole purpose of juxtaposed comparisons. This 

paper endeavors to respond to the inquiry into the prevalence and impact of incest, 

molestation and rape in African American families, the behavior that facilitates it, and the 

proper response. 

Introduction 

A substantial portion of the nearly 50,000 hours of research that I have conducted over the last 

20 years has been focused on three primary areas in which the African American collective 

continues to struggle — education, mental illness and trauma (Wallace, 2015; Wallace, 2016; 

Wallace, 2016; Wallace, 2016). When it comes to the complex dynamic of trauma, not only in 

the distinct ways that it is experienced by African Americans, but in the numerous ways in which 

trauma can be transmitted intergenerationally (Kahane-Nissenbaum, 2011; Kolk B. A., 2001; 

Kolk B. V., 2014; DeGruy, 2005; Akbar, 1976), it is imperative to gain a lucid perspicacity of 

how the trauma impacts all of those involved. 

While there are multitudinous ways through which a person can be traumatized, without 

question, one of the most prevalent and devastating forms of trauma is physical abuse, and of all 

forms of physical abuse, those of a sexual nature are most nefarious, especially when the trauma 

is experienced at the hands of a person who the victim should be able to trust to protect them 

from that very type of behavior. 

When I began counseling individuals, couples and families, years ago, I became overwhelmed by 

the number of people who eventually admitted to being sexually abused, in some way, as a child. 

This was especially true when it came to female clients. While psychology and psychiatry 

textbooks are more accurate in their reflection of sexual abuse of minors in contemporary 

literature, this has not always been the case. During this initial epiphany, the textbooks were still 

minimizing the prevalence of child sex abuse. To be fair, it was not all a part of a nefarious and 

sinister plan to cover up child molestation; it was more of a combination of the failure of victims 

and their families to report the abuse. Minors depend on their parents and other adults, who are 

close to them, to be their advocates — speaking up for and defending them in situations in which 

they are unable to defend themselves. Unfortunately, many times, the person that should be their 

greatest advocate is actually the person who is violating them. The underreporting of the abuse 

led to a lack of urgency in confronting the issue on a grand scale. Actually, in many cases, the 

family spent more energy and effort protecting and defending the perpetrator than they did the 

victim. 

During the early 1980s, the widely accepted view on incest, despite being immensely pestiferous 

in its assertion of mitigated impact, declared that there was no conclusive empirical data to 

support the theory that father-daughter incest was capable of producing serious subsequent 

psychopathology (Kolk B. V., 2014).

What I can tell you from experience, and consulting other professional therapists, is that females 

who are victims of father-daughter incest rarely escape their traumatic experience without the 

development of some form of trauma-related subsequent psychopathology. In fact, these women 

are often significantly confused, depressed and consistently engaged in self-harming behaviors, 

including promiscuity, cutting themselves, illicit drug use and more. 

What troubles me is the fact that the textbooks that were printed in the 1980s into the early 90s 

did everything short of endorsing incest, offering an explanation that incestuous behavior worked 

to diminish the subject's chance of psychosis and created the ability for the victim to better adjust 

to their external world (Henderson, 1974). Unfortunately, since these books were originally 

published, a wealth of empirical and pragmatic evidence has been produced that reveals that 

incest has caused extremely devastating effects on the well-being of women. 

What we know now is that women who are survivors of incest experience many of the same 

symptoms of soldiers who develop post-traumatic stress disorder. They have flashbacks of the 

traumatic event(s). They develop a higher risk of frequent nightmares. Another pronounced 

effect of incest is the capriciousness as far as emotional well-being is concerned, with these 

women often vacillating between explosive rage and completely shutting down. Additionally, 

incest survivors have difficulty getting along with others, and they struggle in the area of 

maintaining meaningful relationships (Kolk B. V., 2014) 

Although PTSD was a psychological diagnosis that was largely developed based on the behavior 

of post-war veterans, it should be understood that people who experience many other forms of 

trauma display the same symptoms (Kolk B. V., 2014). It is also important to understand the 

prevalence of trauma is greater among the private sector than it is among soldiers, based solely 

on the number of people being traumatized. In fact, more accurate reporting shows that more 

than 12 million women in the United States have been raped, and to exacerbate the matter, more 

than half of female victims of rape are below the age of 15 (Kilpatrick & Saunders, 1997). What 

we know is that each year in the United States, three million cases of child abuse are reported, 

and a minimum of one million of these cases are serious and credible enough to warrant action 

by child protective services and the courts (Services, 2007, 2009). 

While the topic of child victimization is broad and filled with an exorbitant number of 

intricacies, I would like to focus on the devastating force of incest, the manner in which it is 

often concealed by family members, the impact it has on the victims and ways that we can 

effectively confront this plague. 

Problem Statement 

Prior to 20 years ago, incest among black families was rarely reported in correspondence to the 

prevalence of incestuous activity within the black community. Simply put, the incestuous activity 

within the black community was much higher than anyone was willing to admit. Since slavery, 

incest has been a substantial issue that has been swept under the rug, it has consistently played 

the role of the elephant in the room. While a constant narrative has been written in which 

pedophiles have been portrayed as the clean cut white, middle-aged man, or a member of the 

catholic clergy, the truth is that many black children don’t have to venture out of their homes to

e at risk of being sexually abused. As the lid is slowly unscrewed and removed, it is becoming 

more apparent that sexual perversion and incest is alive and well within the black community. In 

fact, a study revealed that black women are 1.75 times more likely to have experienced Child 

Sexual Abuse (CSA) than white women who grew up in a two-parent household (Amodeo, 

Griffin, Fassler, Clay, & Ellis, 2006). What was interesting is the fact that a mother working long 

hours, or the presence of a stepfather, did not increase the risk of CSA. 

There is a pathological behavior within the black community that is a direct result of chattel 

slavery — the inexplicable need for the black woman to protect the black male (Pollard-Terry, 

2004; Doane & Hodges, 2009). In the sense of culture, the black race is the only major racial 

group that functions primarily as a matriarchy, meaning that there are more homes with children 

that are under the leadership of women than there are homes with families under the leadership 

of men (Doane & Hodges, 2009). The narrative that has endured for far too long is the idea that 

sexually aberrant behavior, is the result of the aberrant nature of a female led household 

(Moynihan, 1965). Daniel Patrick Moynihan, in his 1965 report on the black family entitled, The 

Negro Family: A Case for National Action, while having some immensely valid points, 

presented the erroneous assertion that the black family is the “center of the tangle of pathology,” 

with a weak family structure (meaning that the family was headed by a female) (Moynihan, 

1965). 

While I will concede that the failure for the black family nucleus to sustain the proper balance 

and role assignment has contributed to the current state of confusion and disarray in the black 

collective, I must strongly suggest that we examine the deeper, underlying causes for the 

behaviors that produced the imbalance in the first place. While the lack of male leadership has 

created its own set of challenges, it is not exclusively culpable for the aberrant behavior that 

takes place in black families. 

When it comes to the culture of silence within the black community that casts a veneer over the 

perverted proclivities of many black men to sexually violate the children in their family, one 

must be willing to trace the desire and need of the African American female to protect the black 

man. The African American community has an old adage that states: “Black women raise their 

daughters and love their sons.” What this means is that black women, during slavery, developed 

a proclivity to rear and teach their daughters, but conversely, they sheltered and protected their 

sons. Since the arrival of the first slave ship on the shores of the North American continent, there 

has been no person or group that has been consistently under the threat of harm and death at the 

level of the black man. This has lead black women to be more inclined to coddle boys and more 

reluctant to report incest and rape perpetuated by black men (Pollard-Terry, 2004). 

It is important to note here that while I am pointing to behavior that is highly detrimental to the 

effective empowerment of our youth and our people in general, I am not aligning myself with the 

idea of mainstream psychology and sociology in its assertion that family structure is the sole 

cause of economic castration, socioeconomic dysfunctionality and aberrant, antisocial and 

inadequate behavior among African Americans. When this much gravity is placed on the family 

structure in determining the causality of the social and economic marginality of poor black 

families, the more distant cause of slavery (including its aftermath) is virtually ignored (Doane &

Hodges, 2009). When we succumb to this suggestion, the result of this type of occlusion of the 

traumatic reality of chattel slavery in the U.S. leads to a situation in which the African American 

family becomes the place where the victims of racism and slavery are ambiguously adumbrated 

as their own victimizers. While it is imperative that we develop an understanding of the need for 

accountability as it pertains to effectively addressing the issue of incest and rape in the African 

American community, we must not allow ourselves to lose sight of the causality of the aberrant 

behavior of African American men in the first place. 

While the defense of a child predator should not be acceptable, under any circumstance, it is 

important to understand why it is so prevalent in the African American collective. While the 

reluctance of Black women to report incestuous behavior by Black men may appear to be a freepass, 

what it reflects most is the major distrust that black women have toward white male 

authority figures — which can be viewed as an extension of white slave masters and overseers. 

In an environment in which sharing the illegal behavior of a loved one with the authorities can 

possibly lead to their death, black women balk at the opportunity and responsibility to report 

incestuous behavior. This inherent circumspection of white authority that is learned from old 

stories shared with the family, portraits of white lynch mobs or the explanation of how that 

extremely light-skinned cousin came to be. In the eyes of the black women, she and her family 

have been victimized far more frequently by the white power structure than by the black men in 

the family. 

It is also important to understand that black women have been forced to come to the aid of black 

men who were wrongfully accused of sexual assault for years. This can best be illustrated by 

evaluating the facts associated with the Rosewood Massacre. While it is hard to believe, what 

was ultimately presented in the form of a motion picture, was true African American history, 

uncensored. This was not just another movie; it was a retelling of a historical event. In 1923, a 

white woman falsely claimed that she was attacked by a black man, and that false claim led to 

the massacre of blacks and the complete obliteration of a black town. Unfortunately, this type of 

behavior among whites towards African Americans has been more common than anyone really 

cares to admit. 

It has been this type of hostile behavior on the part of white authority figures, conjoined with 

other underlying factors that has led to an elevated level of distrust that makes it difficult for 

black women to report incest to the authorities. 

It has also been postulated and hypothesized that silent condonation of incest within the black 

family can be contributed to a developed behavior during slavery to silently condone the liaisons 

between white fathers (slave masters and overseers) who saw their brown reflections in 

daughters they conceived with black slaves — yet, choosing to procreate with their brown 

offspring. It has been suggested that it became more psychologically plausible for African 

American women that such liaisons could also occur between the black father and his female 

progeny (Fenton, 2012). 

With that being said, there is no excuse for not holding the black men who commit these 

atrocious acts responsible for their behavior.

The Dangers and Consequences of Incest and Rape 

Although early textbooks that explored the impact of father-daughter incest, suggested that there 

was minimal risk of developing subsequent psychopathologies, we now know that, at the very 

least, the victims of incest are likely to develop psychoneurosis, which has the capacity to 

immensely limit their ability to function in society. 

Fortunately, there is a growing wealth of empirical data that suggests that adults who were 

abused as kids do not have an increased proclivity to behave violently against their own progeny 

(Staff, 2016; Whitener, 2015). The findings of this large-scale, long-term study of child abuse 

contradict certain aspects of the long-standing “cycle of violence” theory, which suggests that a 

child who is abused is more likely to abuse their children than a person who was not abused as a 

child. However, we still have to understand how this behavior impacts us as a group. 

The disintegrating relationship between African American women and African American men 

has been a hotly debated subject for a number of years, with an almost innate distrust of Black 

men by Black women being at the core of the discussion. 

I remember having a talk with a close female friend nearly four years ago. The topic was the use 

of the term “bitter black woman.” During this time, despite being a staunch defender of the honor 

of the black woman despite her consistent hostile behavior toward the black man, I have become 

frustrated with the level of what I considered to be the contempt of the black woman, aimed at 

the black man. The response that I received from this person, who functions as a counselor for 

traumatized African American women, speaks emphatically to the issue here: 

“You have to be aware of the underlying cause of the mindset that produces this 

seemingly inherent hostility toward black men. There is no person on the face of the earth 

who has experienced the level of abandonment that the black woman has. No person has 

experienced incest and rape at the level of the black woman. No woman has been driven 

to defend a man who, in turn, emotionally emaciates them like the black woman. No 

woman has been forced to raise the progeny of a man who left her to fulfill the 

responsibility of parenting on her own like the black woman. Rick, she is angry because 

she is alone and hurting.” 

What I do not intend for this paper to do is take the traditional path of inciting emotional 

responses that lead to nothing but more confusion and frustration. In the process of 

acknowledging that there is a problem with incestuous behavior in black families, there must be 

a focused and strategic plan of action. We must be willing to address the psychosocial and 

behavioral sequelae of this phenomenon within the black family structure (Thornton & MSW, 

1986). 

Treatment and Effective Intervention 

To this point, very little attention has been given to incest among black families and the attendant 

treatment issues. Herman and Hirschman (Herman & Hirschman, 1981) suggested that part of 

the problem may rest in the fact that society postulates that incest is not a prevalent issue in black 

families; however, while this belief may explain the lack of proactivity from non-blacks, it does

not account for the inability of black families to address what they know to be an issue. Another 

question that must be answered is: Are sanctions against incestuous behavior being strictly 

enforced in black families. And yet, another consideration is that the omission of any discussion 

surrounding incest among African Americans is directly influenced by the misconceptions and 

myths associated with black family interactions and psychopathology (Lyles & Carter, 1982; 

Carter, 1978). When it comes to the examination of incest in the black family, it can be easy for 

non-black researchers to view this behavior through the paradigm that is preoccupied with the 

sexual prowess of the black man, focusing on a belief that can be traced as far back as the 16 th 

century, when black men were described by Englishmen as being unrestrained in their sexual 

lusts (Staples, 1978). 

Characteristics of Incestuous Families 

One area in which we must improve is being able to identify incestuous situations. In order for 

this to happen, we must understand the basic characteristics of an incestuous family. 

The Family (In General) 

Character disordered family (the axiological system is out of alignment, lacking the core 

values to guard against malevolent behavior) 

Acting out behavior 

Poor impulse control (The inability to control impulses is a key element in the 

development of the proclivity to molest children.) 

The proclivity to use behavior as a substitute for verbal communication (The inability to 

effectively express feelings and thoughts coherently) 

Increased risk of family violence (With violence being a chosen mechanism for settling 

disputes and maintaining authoritative control) 

The members of the family tend to foster narcissistic, self-absorbed personalities (A 

family full of people who are primarily concerned only about themselves) 

Appearance of respectability 

A demand of respect by the hierarchy (Primarily the parents) 

Family unity is usually highly galvanized, although this is normally accomplished 

through pathological bonds, creating a strong tendency to reconnect when separate.) 

The presence of extremely rigid boundaries and roles, especially along the lines of sex; 

however, the generational lines and roles a generally obscured. 

Extremes in expectations and behaviors (either very permissive, or highly repressive) 

around family values and sexual conduct 

The Abusive Parent 

 

 

 

 

 

Hyper-controlling and overly restrictive 

Disciplines members in the family excessively 

Compliant women 

Struggles with impulse control 

The high incidence of alcohol use (often using alcohol as a form of self-medication)

Deny any accusations emphatically 

The tendency to project blame toward the children in the family and the spouse 

Tends to avoid responsibility by minimizing the severity of their behavior 

May acknowledge the consequences of their behavior, but will attribute them to an 

external force, and not themselves 

Non-abusive Parent 

Type 1: Passive, Dependent Personality (most common) 

 

 

 

 

 

Reverses role with the child (with the child functioning more like the adult in the 

relationship) 

Their dependency of the abusive spouse requires that they ignore any signs of their 

spouse abusing their child, tending to believe the spouse over the child. 

Highly incapacitated or frequently away from the home 

Complains about fatigue and the lack of energy 

Depressive 

Type 2: Strong, Independent Personality 

 

 

 

Less dependent on mate 

Possesses the verbal ability to express ambivalence toward child and rage toward a 

spouse 

Throws spouse out 

* (Gaye, 1983; Thornton & MSW, 1986) 

Developing Effective Treatment and Intervention Strategies and Plans 

When examining the corollaries of incest in African American families there are some common 

pathologies that must be addressed, but first the automatic response upon discovering an 

incestuous situation is to take the necessary action to get the abusive parent out of the home. 

Upon getting the perpetrator out of the home, we must then engage the dynamic responsible for 

creating an environment where such a heinous act could take place. The development of an 

incestuous environment is not an abstract or inexplicable occurrence — regardless of how many 

family members profess that they had no idea of what was taking place. There is a distinct 

pathology that should lead to questions and examinations of the situation (Thornton & MSW, 

1986). 

Some pathological behaviors associated with the fostering of an incestuous environment include 

role and boundary confusion, poor impulse control — functioning as an expression of the 

offender’s emotional dependency and unmet physical and emotional needs. It is surprising that in 

most cases, neither parent admits to being abused as a child, but they both tend to share a chaotic 

background, especially in their childhood years — lacking healthy male and female role models. 

Another area of difficulty in effectively confronting this issue is the inherent distrust between 

African Americans and Child Protective Services. Without the consistent, appropriate and timely

investigation of incestuous situations by CPS, it is virtually impossible to prescribe effective 

treatment programs and plans. The reason that immediate treatment is important is that failing to 

address the issue will place another generation at risk of living out that same behavior, and on a 

grander scale, it produces another generation of traumatized African Americans that are 

incapable of functioning at a high enough level to raise themselves out of the pit of despair. 

As far as the victim is concerned, the idea is to assist them with overcoming their pathological 

dependency upon the family (especially the abuser), while helping them develop healthy and 

appropriate peer relationships, improving their self-concept (self-image) — ultimately leading to 

elevated self-esteem. 

We must also engage the family, because although other members may have not been directly 

victimized, they can still be traumatized, or they could develop the proclivity to victimize others. 

Conclusion 

Incest and child molestation within the black collective has been met with silent condonation for 

far too long. As a race that has yet to confront a number of mental disorders, such as depression, 

bi-polar disorder and numerous dissociative disorders, we cannot allow our lethargy and 

insensitivity to the reality of incest to constantly produce women and men who are suffering 

from psychoneurosis at varying levels. While we fight to develop more effective ways to 

intervene and treat this epidemic, we have to understand that prevention will prove significantly 

more efficacious in righting the ship. 

We must develop a mentality that places great gravity on the protection of our children, and we 

must respond with passion and commitment to the need to solve this enigmatic issue. 

Additionally, while we must work hard to save our youth, we cannot lose sight of the fact that 

many of our women are suffering from the direct psychological and neurological effects of 

incest, and instead of throwing them a lifeline, we judge them, we ostracize them or we simply 

pretend that they don’t exist. It is time that we own this legacy of slavery and respond to it in a 

manner that helps the collective to heal. 

By 

Dr. Rick Wallace, Ph.D.

Other Resources by Dr. Rick Wallace include: 

The Mis-education of Black Youth in America 

The Invisible Father: Reversing the Curse of a Fatherless Generation 

When Your House is Not a Home 

Renewing Your Mind 

Visit The Odyssey Project Site Here 

The Blueprint 1.0 

Special Education Position Paper 

Racial Trauma & African Americans 

Over the past 20 years, Dr. Wallace has invested more than 

48,000 hours of research into understanding the scientific 

implications of white supremacy and how they have directly 

impacted African Americans in all nine areas of human 

activity, which include economics, education, entertainment, 

labor, law, politics, religion, sex and war. He has spent a 

substantial amount of time attempting to answer the question 

of why blacks seem incapable of overcoming the barrier of 

racism despite the fact that the solution has been placed 

before them. 

The preponderance of the evidence that Dr. Wallace has 

examined has provided him with a lucid perspicacity of the complex dynamic at play — a 

dynamic that includes psychological, sociological, economic and political oppression 

that is executed through multitudinous pernicious machinations. He has used this 

information to develop what he calls The Black Community Empowerment Blueprint 

1.0. This blueprint is a comprehensive strategy that addresses every area of concern for 

the black collective in great detail. Dr. Wallace has also disseminated his findings in a 

number of literary works, including his latest book, The Mis-education of Black Youth in 

America. 

Currently, Dr. Wallace is moving into the second phase of his research, transitioning 

from inductive research to deductive research for the purpose of advancing and

introducing certain scientific theories associated with the African American experience. 

To this date, Dr. Wallace’s research has proven to be immensely valuable, as he develops 

social programs to counter external influences, lectures to African Americans across the 

nation and develops a comprehensive blueprint capable of facilitating 

the complete elevation and empowerment of African Americans, as well as the complete 

diaspora in time, but the cost of research can be quite exorbitant, especially when he is 

investing between 55-85 hours per week. 

To this point, all funding has been covered by Dr. Wallace himself. He is currently 

seeking research funding, but due to the specific focus of his research, traditional 

channels, such as government, academic and private grants are not an option. While he 

currently has a couple interested sponsors, both of them are non-blacks, which speaks 

volumes. While Dr. Wallace has committed to proceeding at all cost, the support of the 

community and people he is fighting for will prove highly beneficial in multitudinous 

ways. 

To contribute to his work through The Odyssey Project, Click here!

Bibliography 

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Publications & Associates, Inc. . 

Amodeo, M., Griffin, M. L., Fassler, I. R., Clay, C. M., & Ellis, M. A. (2006). Child Sexual 

Abuse Among Black Women and White Women form Two-Parent Families. Child 

Maltreatment. 

Carter, J. H. (1978). Treating Black Patients: The Risksof Ignoring Critical Social Issues. 

Hospital of Cummunity Psychiatry. 

DeGruy, J. (2005). Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and 

Healing. Portland, OR: Uptone Press. 

Doane, J., & Hodges, D. (2009). Telling Incest: Narratives of Dangerous Remembering from 

Stein to Sapphire. The University of Michigan Press. 

Fenton, Z. E. (2012). An Essay on Slavery's Hidden Legacy: Social Hysterical and Structural 

Condonation of Incest. Howard Law Journal. 

Gaye, S. (1983). Community-based Child Sexual Abuse Treatment Program. Wake County Drug 

Treatment Center. 

Henderson, D. J. (1974). "Incest". Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. 

Herman, J., & Hirschman, L. (1981). Families at Risk for Father-Daughter Incest. Am J. 

Pyschiatry. 

Kahane-Nissenbaum, M. C. (2011). Exploring Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma in 

Third Generation Holocaust Survivors. University of Pennsylvania Scholarly Commons. 

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Victimization: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. National Crime Victims 

Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 

Medical University of South Carolina. 

Kolk, B. A. (2001). Exploring the Nature of Traumatic Memory: Combining Clinical Knowledge 

with Laboratory Methods. Trauma and Cognitive Science Haworth Press, Inc. 

Kolk, B. V. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score. New York: Penguin Publishers. 

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Sociological Contribution to Family Therapy. National Medical Association. 

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Office of Policy Planning, The U.S. Department of Labor.

Pollard-Terry, G. (2004, July 4). For African American Rape Victims, A Culture of Silence. Los 

Angeles Times. 

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Staples, R. (1978). Masculinity and Race: The Dual Dilemma of Black men. Social Issues. 

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Chessboard. Etteloc Publishing. 

Wallace, R. (2016). "Special Education" as a Mechanism for the Mis-education of African 

American Youth. The Odyssey Project . 

Wallace, R. (2016). Epigenetics & Psychology: The Genetic Intergenerational Transmission of 

Trauma. The Odyssey Project. 

Wallace, R. (2016). Racial Trauma & African Americans. The Odyssey Project. 

Whitener, B. (2015). Adults Physically Abused as Children Not More Likely to Physically 

Abused Their Children. National Institutes of Health.

Molestation, Incest and Rape in African American Families

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